Optimised sensors to study learning and memory

To achieve this, his team is constantly working to develop high-resolution imaging techniques to visualise the activity and location of the molecules involved in the process. Ada Tang, Ph.D., a postdoctoral researcher in Yasuda's lab, developed new molecular biosensors, which helped her visualise the activity of two signaling proteins crucial to synaptic plasticity, ERK and PKA.

These proteins send messages to other proteins by adding a phosphate group to the target proteins. The team found that these proteins, which were already known to play a role in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory, have surprising properties in their activity. The work was published in Neuron.

Dendrites are thin extensions that come out of a neuron's cell body and receive messages from other neurons. They branch out to form a tree-like structure, each branch typically extending tens of micrometers. They are covered by spines: tiny protrusions that receive inputs from other neurons and initiate molecular signals inside the cell.

When a spine is strongly stimulated, it grows and strengthens to encode memories. Scientists have previously used traditional pharmacological methods such as western blotting to determine the activity of ERK and PKA averaged over many cells, but they haven't been able to visualise the molecules directly in dendritic spines because of their small size.

To design sensors sensitive enough to visualise these molecules, Tang created a new dye molecule, sREAChet, a modified dark but light-absorbing molecule. When she linked sREAChet with both green fluorescent protein (GFP) and a target peptide of the protein, she found that it could readout the activity of the protein with 2-3 times higher sensitivity compared to previous sensors. This made the sensitivity sufficient for imaging activity in single dendritic spines.

"These sensors will be useful for researchers in a broad field of cell biology since ERK and PKA are involved in a variety of phenomena in cells and their abnormal activity is related to many diseases including cancer and mental diseases," explained Yasuda.

To demonstrate the usefulness of the new sensors, Yasuda's team first stimulated individual dendritic spines, then used a special microscope called a 2-photon fluorescence lifetime microscope to visualise how ERK and PKA activity moves from a single spine.

To their surprise, the team found the proteins' activity did not stay within the individual spine, but spread much more than 10 micrometers, along the dendrite, influencing nearby spines. The spreading is estimated to be about several tens of micrometers and potentially extends throughout a branch of dendrites.

The Yasuda Lab had previously shown that stimulating just a few spines could lead to ERK activation in the nucleus, but they didn't know how this was achieved. This experiment showed that after these proteins are activated in a spine, the message spreads strongly over a long distance and potentially reaches the nucleus.

"To find that PKA and ERK activation in spines is spreading for several tens of micrometers is certainly a surprising discovery for the field," said Tang. The team has visualised an important step in the process, but there is still a long way to go to understanding the biochemical underpinnings of learning and memory.