Improving biofuel production by mimicking giant clams

Anyone who has ever gone snorkeling in Australia or the western tropical Pacific Ocean, Sweeney says, may have noticed that the surfaces of giant clams are iridescent, appearing to sparkle before the naked eye.

The lustrous cells on the surface of the clam scatter bright sunlight, which typically runs the risk of causing fatal damage to the cell, but the clams efficiently convert the sunlight into fuel. Using what they learn from these giant clams, the researchers hope to improve the process of producing biofuel.

Sweeney, an assistant professor of physics in the Penn School of Arts and Sciences, and her collaborator Shu Yang, a professor of materials science and engineering in the School of Engineering and Applied Science, refer to the clams as "solar transformers" because they are capable of absorbing bright sunlight at a very high rate and scattering it over a large surface area. When the light is distributed evenly among the thick layer of algae living inside the clam, the algae quickly converts the light into energy.

"What those sparkly cells are doing," Sweeney says, "is causing light to propagate very deeply into the clam tissue and spread out."

After coming across Sweeney's work, Yang struck up a collaboration to see if they could mimic the system by abstracting the principles of the clam's process to create a material that works similarly.

She and Ph.D. student Hye-Na Kim devised a method of synthesising nanoparticles and adding them to an emulsion—a mixture of water, oil, and soapy molecules called surfactants—to form microbeads mimicking the iridocytes, the cells in giant clams responsible for solar transforming. Their paper has been accepted to Advanced Materials.

Sweeney compared the process to making a salad vinaigrette. The more a person shakes it, the smaller the oil droplets in the dressing. If one were to take nanoparticles, add them to the oil-water emulsion and shake it at the right speed, the droplet size can be controlled. After doing an optical characterisation of the beads, the researchers found that they function very similarly to the clam cells.

"It's very efficient, and it's very difficult to achieve," Yang says. "People are trying to do this by designing nanoparticles, but you need to do a lot of synthesis and find ways to precisely control their size, shape and optical properties, which becomes complicated and expensive. Our method is both simple and inexpensive and at the same time achieves better results than all these other systems."

The researchers' next step is to try to mimic the organisation of the algae within the clams by getting algae to grow in gel pillars. Once they figure out how to do so, they hope to then marry their artificial iridocytes and the algae and measure the system to see if it can produce fuel to the same high efficiencies as the giant clam.

If successful, the method can be used for photosynthesis to enhance the efficiency of biofuel production. It can also be used in solar panels for generating, storing or preventing heat to allow for better temperature control in buildings.

"It's exciting to see the clever, non-intuitive ways that life has come up with to solve problems," Sweeney says. "Typically, evolution is a lot more clever than human engineers, and the trick is to ask smart questions about what design problem is being solved in each evolutionary case. It's figuring out these really clever design strategies that you wouldn't get to from a top-down human approach."