An easy-to-make curved image sensor

In an advance that could lead to cameras with features such as infinite depth of field, wider view angle, low aberrations, and vastly increased pixel density, flexible optoelectronics pioneer Zhenqiang (Jack) Ma has devised a method for making curved digital image sensors in shapes that mimic the convex features of an insect’s compound eye and a mammal’s concave “pinhole” eye.

Along with his students and collaborators, Ma, the Lynn H. Matthias and Vilas Distinguished Achievement Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, described the technique in a study published in the journal Nature Communications.

Curved image sensors do exist. Yet even though they outperform their flat counterparts, they haven’t made it into the mainstream — in part, because of the challenges inherent in a manufacturing method that involves pressing a flat, rigid piece of silicon into a hemispherical shape without wrinkling or breaking it or otherwise degrading its quality. Ma’s technique was inspired by traditional Japanese origami, the art of paper folding.

To create the curved photodetector, Ma and his students formed pixels by mapping repeating geometric shapes — somewhat like a soccer ball — onto a thin, flat flexible sheet of silicon called a nanomembrane, which sits on a flexible substrate.

Then, they used a laser to cut away some of those pixels so the remaining silicon formed perfect, gapless seams when they placed it atop a dome shape (for a convex detector) or into a bowl shape (for a concave detector).

“We can first divide it into a hexagon and pentagon structure, and each of those can be further divided,” says Ma. “You can forever divide them, in theory, so that means the pixels can be really, really dense, and there are no empty areas. This is really scalable, and we can bend it into whatever shape we want.”

A concave version of the digital image sensor (left) bends inward for creating a hemispherical focal plane array. A convex version (right) bends like a soccer ball for mimicking an insect’s compound eye. YEI HWAN JUNG AND KAN ZHANG

Pixel density is a boon for photographers, as a camera’s ability to take high-resolution photos is determined, in megapixels, by the amount of information its sensor can capture.

The researchers’ current prototype is approximately 7 millimeters — roughly a quarter-inch — in diameter. That’s still a bit bulky for your cellphone, but Ma says he can make the sensor even smaller. “This membrane is a very big advance in imaging,” he says.

Read more: University of Wisconsin-Madison