Fabric Cryptography: advanced cryptography with a new kind of chip

The next generation of cryptography techniques has the potential for a privacy breakthrough, tackling the conflict between privacy and big data. However, just as artificial intelligence has required improvements in computing chips, software and algorithms, next-generation cryptography requires that same coordinated effort to achieve real world adoption.

To take on all of these challenges, Silicon Valley hardware startup Fabric Cryptography is today announcing its $33 million Series A funding round to build computing chips, software, and cryptographic algorithms. This Series A funding round was co-led by Blockchain Capital and 1kx, with participation from leaders in the sector, such as Offchain Labs, Polygon, and Matter Labs. It follows a $6 million seed round led by Metaplanet with participation from Inflection and Liquid2 Ventures amongst others. Total funds raised stand at $39 million.

Founded by MIT and Stanford dropouts Michael Gao and Tina Ju, along with hardware veterans such as Sagar Reddy, the team aims to use state-of-the art hardware-software codesign techniques currently found in AI hardware to build a brand new processing unit for cryptography, which they call the Verifiable Processing Unit (VPU). It will do for cryptography what Nvidia’s GPUs and many other startups’ chips are doing for AI.

Most people have heard the term “cryptography” when it comes to protecting our data, through encryption and authentication. But, as Fabric Cryptography’s Co-Founder and CEO Michael Gao points out: “There exists a whole world of advanced cryptographic algorithms that go beyond protecting our data, and can actually begin to guarantee trust, if we can run them efficiently. Billions of dollars have been poured into better AI chips of all kinds, but researchers and industry projects in cryptography have had to settle with CPUs or GPUs, which were never made for the kind of intensive math that advanced cryptography uses.”

The VPU is the first custom silicon chip that uses an instruction set architecture specific to cryptography. This means that any cryptographic algorithm can be broken down into its mathematical building blocks that are natively accelerated and supported by the chip. Going into production later this year, the VPU is poised to drastically improve the speed and cost of running advanced cryptographic workloads, compared to CPUs, GPUs, and fixed-function cryptography accelerators.

Fabric Cryptography is building the VPU at a time when cryptographic algorithms can make guarantees far more significant than simple encryption. Rapid progress is being made in algorithms that enable anyone to prove facts about a dataset while keeping the data itself private like Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs), algorithms that will enable secure computation on private data like Fully-Homomorphic Encryption (FHE), and algorithms that can allow two parties that don’t fully trust each other to work together like Multi-Party Computation (MPC).

Michael Gao added: “Supporting cryptographers’ most ambitious ideas is core to the Fabric mission, because of the power these ideas could have anywhere we interact with the digital world. Our mission is to scale the speed and availability of next-gen cryptography through exponential advances across the hardware and software stack. We’ll know we’ve succeeded when trust and privacy are foundational to every digital interaction.”

Fabric has found a first market for advanced cryptography in the blockchain space, where ZKPs are a key solution for scaling decentralised infrastructure. For this application, Fabric has already received tens of millions of dollars in pre-orders for their VPUs. Fabric is also building a software stack which makes this new technology accessible to software developers, and several other algorithms that can keep your personal data private when using AI models in the cloud.

"What sets the VPU apart is its unique combination of programmability, flexibility, and performance,” said Dr Wei Dai, cryptographer and research partner at 1kx. “The VPU can be programmed to run virtually any cryptographic workload efficiently using its innovative instruction set. Unlike other fixed-function chips, which are common in cryptography, the VPU is future-proof – it can adapt to new cryptography algorithms as they are developed and productionised."

This Series A will fund the development of the next generation of Fabric’s VPU chips and the scaling of Fabric’s software and cryptography teams to develop additional software and cloud infrastructure to support growing market demand.

“We could not be more thrilled to partner with Fabric on their mission to accelerate all cryptographic operations with the world’s first VPU to help bring about a world where privacy and verifiability are non-negotiable components of all digital systems,” said Yuan Han Li, investor at Blockchain Capital.

In the future, Fabric Cryptography wants to build on its full stack hardware platform to bring these transformative privacy and trust guarantees to AI, finance, medtech, insurance, and more. They believe creating a general purpose chip that can adapt to any cryptographic algorithm is crucial to this goal.