Wireless study predicts solutions for 5G cellular

The research, published this month in the IEEE Vehicular Technology Transactions, is based on an extensive set of 30 measurement campaigns from 2 GHz to 73 GHz.

It was conducted with co-authors from Aalborg University in Denmark, and industry partners, and is part of the Ph.D. work of NYU Tandon School of Engineering graduate student Shu Sun. The study argues for a better, simpler, alternative model that uses just a single parameter, the "path loss exponent," which can be used as a global standard for predicting signal coverage.

Rappaport explained that study shows how the present-day ABG model disobeys fundamental physics, and how the simpler model offers greater predictive accuracy over use-cases that were never measured in the first place. He said the work found significant errors in applying the decade-old channel path loss models to millimeter-wave (mmWave) 5G wireless.

"For example, the commonly used ABG model will predict that fewer base stations will be required in the early, non-interference phase of mmWave buildout, when in fact more base stations will be needed," said Rappapoort. He added that the old models will also predict fewer base stations are needed in the mature phase of buildout, when actually there will be much more interference and thus the need for more base stations. "Basically, the ABG channel models the industry is likely to continue using paint an overly rosy picture both in the early and mature phases of 5G buildouts," he said.

The paper's comparison of three 3GPP candidate large-scale propagation path loss models, in field studies covering a vast range of microwave and mmWave frequencies and use-cases, found that:

*The ABG path loss model, likely to be adopted by 3GPP, under-predicts path loss when relatively close to a transmitter, with implications for low-power internet-of-things devices, and over-predicts path loss far from the transmitter, with implications for mmWave, since the ABG model erroneously predicts that mmWave will exhibit relatively weaker signals than it should at longer distances, according to Rappaport.

*The simple close-in (CI) free-space reference distance model, which requires only one model parameter to describe signal strength over all frequencies and distances, is based on fundamental physical principles, and can be generalised to a CI model with frequency-dependent slope (CIF). These new models are more conservative when analysing interference-limited systems over distances greater than 200 meters, and more realistic when modeling signal strengths at both far distances (> 500 meters) and at close-in distances (within 50 meters of the transmitter). In other words, the CI model exhibits more stable model parameter behavior across frequencies and distances, and yields smaller prediction error in sensitivity tests across distances and frequencies, when compared to ABG, according to Rappaport.

*The CI model with a one-meter reference distance proposed by NYU WIRELESS in a Sept, 2015 paper in IEEE Transactions on Communications, is suitable for outdoor environments, while the CIF model is more appropriate for indoor modeling.

Rappaport said the key to the simpler model is the use of a close-in free space reference distance in the first meter of radiation from an antenna. He explained that the one-meter reference distance is based on the fundamental physics of radio propagation going back to the work of Harold Friis at Bell Laboratories in the 1930s.

"The use of just a single model parameter, the path loss exponent, and a standard reference distance of one meter, makes the CI model easier to use, more accurate, easier to understand, and more compact in complex computer simulations that will be used to experiment and design future 5G Cellular," he said. "And it works well from 500 megahertz all the way to 100 GHz. The physics should work well into the Terahertz region."