Engineering the rise of robotic dogs

These security-focused robots have been built with advanced mobility and are equipped with sensors, cameras, and AI, which enable them to perform tasks in environments that are often too dangerous or impractical for humans to navigate. Their development reflects decades of research and innovation, evolving from simple mechanical prototypes into useful tools used by governments and organisations worldwide.

Early development

Robotic dogs were initially developed as experimental machines to explore autonomous navigation in complex environments. Whilst early efforts like Sony’s aibo were primarily focused on consumer engagement as opposed to practical applications, the technical advancements achieved during its development lined the way for more robust designs capable of addressing challenges such as those faced in security and defence.

In the mid-2000s, the US military funded Boston Dynamics to develop a quadrupedal robot called BigDog. This machine was designed to carry supplies over rough terrain and assist soldiers in remote areas. Though it was eventually deemed too noisy for combat situations, the project did demonstrate the potential for robotic dogs to operate in environments inaccessible to traditional wheeled or tracked machines.

This information inspired the development of quieter, more efficient designs, like Boston Dynamics’ Spot, which is now used for various applications, including security.

Security and surveillance applications

Modern robotic dogs are equipped with advanced technology, including cameras, thermal imaging, and environmental sensors. Their ability to operate without fatigue makes them increasingly popular for surveillance and patrol operations, especially in high-risk or sensitive locations. For example, Spot has been used to monitor critical infrastructure, such as oil and gas facilities, and to inspect industrial sites. In Singapore, Spot robots patrolled parks during the COVID-19 pandemic to ensure safe distancing measures were followed.

Another example is Ghost Robotics’ Vision 60 robotic dog, which has been deployed by the US military for reconnaissance missions and by security teams for intelligence gathering. Its ability to navigate rough terrain and access confined spaces makes it ideal for these tasks. Additionally, continue to robotic dogs that can detect odours, opening possibilities for applications such as search-and-rescue and chemical detection.

High-profile case: Mar-a-Lago

One of the most high-profile deployments of a robotic dog occurred in November 2024 at Mar-a-Lago, the estate of President-elect Donald Trump. The US Secret Service employed a Spot robot to bolster security measures following apparent assassination attempts. The machine patrolled the property using a pre-programmed route, collecting surveillance data with its sensors and covering more ground than what have been possible using human personnel alone.

The use of robotics like Spot may well become a more common occurrence in high-profile areas as technology and machine intelligence increases. Their presence is an example of how robotics can provide an additional layer of security for high-risk or sensitive locations.

In military and defence, quadrupedal robots have been used for reconnaissance, bomb disposal, and locating hidden threats, enabling human personnel to remain out of harm's way. The UK Ministry of Defence has tested robotic dogs, like the Ghost V60, for frontline commands, which further emphasises their potential to save lives in counter-terrorism and combat scenarios. The Australian Defence Force has also explored using quadrupedal robots for mine-clearing operations.

The fact that robotic dogs can also operate in extreme conditions, such as areas contaminated by chemical or biological hazards, further expands their usability in defence missions.

However, the challenges faced for engineers include the dependence on reliable communication networks, requirement of regular maintenance, and high initial costs.

But all is not lost as technology is evolving all the time and advancements in robotics and AI are addressing these limitations.