Cancer cells communicate with others to boost survival

Six years ago, Maurizio Zanetti, MD, professor in the Department of Medicine at UC San Diego School of Medicine and a tumour immunologist at Moores Cancer Center at UC San Diego Health, published a paper in PNAS suggesting that cancer cells exploit an internal mechanism used by stressed mammalian cells, called the unfolded protein response (UPR), to communicate with immune cells, notably cells derived from the bone marrow, imparting them with pro-tumourigenic characteristics.

The UPR is activated in response to unfolded or misfolded proteins accumulating in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)—an organelle that carries out several metabolic functions in the cells and the site where proteins are built, folded and sent for secretion. The UPR can often decide cell death or survival.

In their new paper, Zanetti and colleagues say cancer cells appear to take the process beyond just affecting bone marrow cells, using transmissible ER stress (TERS) to activate Wnt signaling in recipient cancer cells. Wnt is a cellular signaling pathway linked to carcinogenesis in many types of cancer.

"We noticed that TERS-experienced cells survived better than their unexperienced counterparts when nutrient-starved or treated with common chemotherapies like bortezomib or paclitaxel," said Jeffrey J. Rodvold, a member of Zanetti's lab and first author of the study.

"In each instance, receiving stress signals caused cells to survive better. Understanding how cellular fitness is gained within the tumour microenvironment is key to understand cooperativity among cancer cells as a way to collective resilience to nutrient starvation and therapies." When cancer cells subject to TERS were implanted in mice, they produced faster growing tumours.

"Our data demonstrate that transmissible ER stress is a mechanism of intercellular communication," said Zanetti. "We know that tumour cells live in difficult environments, exposed to nutrient deprivation and lack of oxygen, which in principle should restrict tumour growth. Through stress transmission, tumour cells help neighboring tumour cells to cope with these adverse conditions and eventually survive and acquire growth advantages."

Importantly, he said the research may explain previous findings by other groups showing that individual tumour cells within a uniform genetic lineage can acquire functionally different behaviors in vivo.

In other words, some cells acquire greater fitness and extended survival—another way to generate intra-tumour heterogeneity, which currently represents one of the major obstacles to cancer treatment. This implies that mutations peppered throughout the cancer genome of an individual are not the only source of intra-tumour heterogeneity.

Zanetti said researchers and physicians need to consider these changing cellular dynamics in the tumour microenvironment in developing both a better understanding of cancer and more effective treatments.