How computers are recycled and what happens to the waste

In the UK alone, each quarter produces more than 125,000 metric tonnes of household electronic waste. According to a Statista report, the UK is one of the biggest e-waste producers in the world. This growing of e-waste challenge has necessitated the technology industry to focus on effectively recycling electronic components to limit environmental harm.

What parts of a computer are recyclable?

Modern computers are made from a mix of recyclable materials, including metals like aluminium, copper, and steel, which are typically melted down and reused. Circuit boards contain precious metals such as gold and silver, which can be extracted through chemical processes. Plastics from casings and internal components are shredded, melted, and repurposed for manufacturing.

Glass, primarily from screens, is also recyclable. However, older devices such as cathode ray tube (CRT) monitors present challenges due to hazardous materials like lead and mercury, which require careful disposal. Batteries, particularly lithium-ion types, are disassembled to reclaim valuable elements like cobalt, lithium, and nickel.

If computers are sent to landfill, this can lead to the release of hazardous materials, add to e-waste, and contribute to greenhouse gas emissions.

How computers are recycled

The recycling process starts with collection. Computers are often handed over at household waste recycling centres (HWRCs), donated to charities, or returned through retailer take-back schemes. Devices are then dismantled, with components sorted into categories such as metals, plastics, and glass.

Once sorted, materials are processed using shredding, magnets, and water separation techniques to isolate usable resources. These are sent to specialised facilities, where metals are melted, plastics are reformed, and glass is repurposed. Recovered materials are sold to manufacturers for reuse, helping to support a circular economy.

Where to recycle computers in the UK

Recycling options in the UK include HWRCs, where households can drop off old computers and accessories. Retailers like Currys and Apple also offer take-back schemes, and charities such as the British Heart Foundation accept functioning devices for refurbishment. Businesses can access professional recycling services from companies like Tech Recycle or Sims Lifecycle Services.

For more detailed information on local recycling centres and collections points, the Recycle Now website is a good resource.

What happens to the waste?

Metals are reused in construction, automotive manufacturing, or new electronics. Plastics often become furniture or piping, while precious metals like gold and silver are refined for use in jewellery or electronic manufacturing. Recycled glass is used in new screens or building materials.

Hazardous materials, such as those in CRT monitors, are disposed of under strict environmental guidelines to minimise harm. Unfortunately, some non-recyclable waste still ends up in landfills, though ongoing advancements in recycling aim to reduce this.

Challenges and future opportunities

While recycling has made progress, challenges remain. For instance, the UN reported that only 20% of the gold in electronics is currently recovered, and small items like USB drives frequently escape collection systems. Globally, it’s estimated that around £50 billion worth of recoverable materials is lost annually due to inefficient recycling practices.

In the UK, initiatives like the WEEE Regulations are already driving change, with set targets to improve e-waste recycling rates.

By responsibly recycling end-of-life computers, individuals and businesses can help create a more sustainable future while reducing the demand for raw materials.