The evolution of electric vehicles on World EV Day

These factors are also influenced by changing consumer preferences and government policies.

However, the story of EVs dates back nearly 200 years, marked by a series of advances and setbacks that have shaped their evolution. In this article, Electronic Specifier explores the journey of the electric vehicle.

The first electric vehicles (1830s-1900s)

Electric vehicles first emerged in the 19th century when Scottish inventor Robert Anderson developed one of the earliest known electric carriages between 1832 and 1839, powered by non-rechargeable batteries. Although limited in range and utility, it demonstrated the potential of electricity as a vehicle power source.

By the late 19th century, the invention of rechargeable batteries by Gaston Planté in 1859, and their improvement by Camille Alphonse Faure in 1881, paved the way for practical EVs. In 1888, German inventor Andreas Flocken produced the Flocken Elektrowagen, considered the first electric car, which became popular in the early 20th century, particularly in cities where short trips suited their limited range.

Combustion engines rise, EVs decline (1880s-1920s)

Despite the early promise of EVs, Karl Benz’s invention of the internal combustion engine (ICE) in 1885 and Henry Ford's introduction of mass production in the early 1900s led to the rapid decline of electric cars. Petrol vehicles could travel further, were easier to refuel, and offered greater speed – all major advantages over the rudimentary EV technology of the time.

By the 1920s, combustion engines had taken over the roads, while electric vehicles, hindered by poor battery life and limited infrastructure, faded from prominence.

EVs return amid environmental concerns (1990s-2000s)

The resurgence of electric vehicles began in the late 20th century, fuelled by growing environmental awareness. The damaging effects of carbon emissions from ICEs, contributing to climate change, led governments and innovators to reconsider electric transport. Hybrid cars, like the Toyota Prius launched in 1997, marked a critical first step, combining a traditional engine with a battery-powered electric motor to reduce emissions.

It wasn't until advancements in battery technology, specifically the development of lithium-ion batteries, that EVs became truly viable. Lithium-ion offered better energy density, faster charging, and longer life compared to older battery technologies, allowing for more practical and affordable electric cars. By the late 2000s, companies like Tesla began producing high-performance EVs, leading to a renewed interest in the technology.

The modern EV revolution (2010s-present)

Today, the rise of electric vehicles has been driven by both technological advancements and political pressure to combat climate change.

Tom Mennell, Technical Standards Manager, Power Systems UK&I at Schneider Electric, recently highlighted how EVs “have risen as a key tool in society’s quest to become carbon neutral.” The International Energy Agency has predicted that sales of electric and hybrid vehicles will reach 17 million in 2024, a 20% increase from 2023, indicating a clear upward trend.

However, challenges remain. Just as Volvo announced it would abandon its goal of selling only fully electric cars by 2030, citing a lack of charging infrastructure, other automakers are facing similar hurdles. Mennell notes: “We must act today to build out the infrastructure needed to support our ambitions when it comes to a greener automotive future.”

With most EV charging stations located in public areas, low-voltage assemblies play a key role. Mennell explains that these outdoor assemblies are crucial because they “require less space as they don't need to be placed inside buildings or have extra enclosures or housings.” This reduces the length and size of cable runs, lowers operational costs, and allows faster installation – essential for expanding the charging network quickly and efficiently.

Addressing challenges and future outlook

One of the biggest hurdles is the ability of electrical systems to handle the heavy demand of EV charging stations, especially during peak usage periods. As Mennell points out, “conventional electrical systems aren't made to manage many circuits running at maximum capacity at the same time,” requiring higher-rated components and improved technologies to guarantee safety and efficiency.

Another critical issue is safety. EV chargers require advanced protection measures, such as residual current devices (RCDs) that can handle direct currents (DC). Mennell highlights the importance of using Type B RCDs for EVs to ensure reliable protection against electrical shocks and faults. This, combined with the integration of remote monitoring systems, helps reduce downtime and increase overall reliability.

Despite these challenges, the shift toward EVs is accelerating. Governments around the world have set ambitious goals to phase out petrol and diesel vehicles, aligning with efforts to tackle climate change. Part of this shift involves not only transitioning to electric vehicles but also finding ways to make the entire lifecycle more sustainable. Recycling battery materials, for example, has become a priority to mitigate the environmental impact of mining for lithium and other resources.

The road ahead

Looking to the future, the continued development of solid-state batteries, vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology, and autonomous driving systems promises to reshape the EV landscape even further. As climate concerns intensify, and the automotive industry moves toward a greener, more sustainable future, electric vehicles will play an increasingly critical role.

Mennell underscores the importance of this transition: “Outdoor low-voltage assemblies are the unsung hero of the EV revolution.” As governments, manufacturers, and society at large invest in cleaner technology and smarter infrastructure, the electrification of transport will be a key factor in mitigating climate change and building a sustainable future for generations to come.